ПРОБЛЕМЫ НЕТРУДОСПОСОБНОСТИ И ПРИВЕРЖЕННОСТИ ЛЕЧЕНИЮ У ВИЧ-ИНФИЦИРОВАННЫХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ

Introduction. This study focuses on the problem of early disability of patients with HIV-infection and treatment adherence and dispensary observation. Material and methods. The clinical and anamnestic analysis of 1136 out-patient records and medical records of patients registered at Saint-Petersburg State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare “Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases” and directed at medical and social examination was carried out. In addition, using the test methods we investigated the psychosocial characteristics of 76 patients who applied to the psychologist before the beginning of antiretroviral therapy, and assessed the treatment adherence a year after the start of treatment. Results. The results of the study indicated the increase in the proportion of patients at advanced stages of the disease, increased detection of HIV in older age groups. Late diagnosis of the disease is the cause of temporary disability and early disability of patients with HIV infection. The dynamics of the number of disabled persons due to HIV infection increasing. Men need more time to decide on dispensary care than women. The majority of patients with are men of working age, identified or sought medical care at the late stages of the disease. Women are more attentive to their health and have more complex treatment adherence than men. The interrelations of psychological and somatic characteristics with the level of adherence to medical recommendations were found. Введение. Данное исследование посвящено проблеме ранней инвалидизации пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией и приверженности лечению и диспансерному наблюдению.Материал и методы. Был проведен клинико-анамнестический анализ 1136 амбулаторных карт и историй болезни пациентов, состоящих на диспансерном учете в СПбГБУЗ «Центр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями» и направленных на медико-социальную экспертизу. Также с помощью тестовых методов исследованы психосоциальные особенности 76 пациентов, обратившихся к психологу перед началом приема антиретровирусной терапии, и произведена оценка приверженности спустя год с начала лечения. Результаты исследования. Установлено увеличение доли пациентов на продвинутых стадиях заболевания, учащение выявления ВИЧ в старших возрастных группах. Поздняя диагностика заболевания является причиной временной нетрудоспособности и ранней инвалидизации пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией. Динамика численности инвалидов вследствие ВИЧ-инфекции нарастает.Выводы. Мужчинам для принятия решения о диспансерном наблюдении требуется больше времени, чем женщинам. Основная часть пациентов, получающих инвалидность, – мужчины трудоспособного возраста, выявленные или обратившиеся за медицинской помощью уже на поздних стадиях заболевания. Женщины более внимательно относятся к своему здоровью, для них характерна более сложная структура приверженности, чем у мужчин. Обнаружены взаимосвязи психологических и соматических характеристик с уровнем приверженности соблюдению врачебных рекомендаций.

Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli in gut microbiota of patients with Crohn's disease discovered using metagenomic and genomic analyses

© 2018 The Author(s). Background: Crohn's disease is associated with gut dysbiosis. Independent studies have shown an increase in the abundance of certain bacterial species, particularly Escherichia coli with the adherent-invasive pathotype, in the gut. The role of these species in this disease needs to be elucidated. Methods: We performed a metagenomic study investigating the gut microbiota of patients with Crohn's disease. A metagenomic reconstruction of the consensus genome content of the species was used to assess the genetic variability. Results: The abnormal shifts in the microbial community structures in Crohn's disease were heterogeneous among the patients. The metagenomic data suggested the existence of multiple E. coli strains within individual patients. We discovered that the genetic diversity of the species was high and that only a few samples manifested similarity to the adherent-invasive varieties. The other species demonstrated genetic diversity comparable to that observed in the healthy subjects. Our results were supported by a comparison of the sequenced genomes of isolates from the same microbiota samples and a meta-analysis of published gut metagenomes. Conclusions: The genomic diversity of Crohn's disease-associated E. coli within and among the patients paves the way towards an understanding of the microbial mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of the Crohn's disease and the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disease

Infection-related and -unrelated malignancies, HIV and the aging population

Funding Information: Conflicts of interest: JR reports personal fees from Abbvie, Bionor, BMS, Boehringer, Gilead, Merck, Janssen, Tobira, Tibotec and ViiV, outside the submitted work. OK has received honoraria, consultancy and/or lecture fees from Abbott, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Merck, Tibotec and Viiv outside the submitted work. All other authors state no commercial or other associations that may pose a conflict of interest. Funding: Primary support for EuroSIDA is provided by the European Commission BIOMED 1 (CT94-1637), BIOMED 2 (CT97-2713), 5th Framework (QLK2-2000-00773), 6th Framework (LSHP-CT-2006-018632) and 7th Framework (FP7/2007?2013; EuroCoord n? 260694) programmes. Current support also includes unrestricted grants from Janssen R&D, Merck and Co. Inc., Pfizer Inc. and GlaxoSmithKline LLC. The participation of centres in Switzerland was supported by The Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant 108787). The authors have no financial disclosures to make. Author contributions: LS developed the project, analysed the data, and was responsible for writing the manuscript. ?HB and OK contributed to the study design and analysis, interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript. JL proposed the project and contributed to the study design, ideas for analysis, interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript. BL, PD, AC, JR, BK, JT and IK contributed to national coordination, study design and writing of the manuscript. AM supervised the project and contributed to the study design and analysis, interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2016 British HIV AssociationObjectives: HIV-positive people have increased risk of infection-related malignancies (IRMs) and infection-unrelated malignancies (IURMs). The aim of the study was to determine the impact of aging on future IRM and IURM incidence. Methods: People enrolled in EuroSIDA and followed from the latest of the first visit or 1 January 2001 until the last visit or death were included in the study. Poisson regression was used to investigate the impact of aging on the incidence of IRMs and IURMs, adjusting for demographic, clinical and laboratory confounders. Linear exponential smoothing models forecasted future incidence. Results: A total of 15 648 people contributed 95 033 person-years of follow-up, of whom 610 developed 643 malignancies [IRMs: 388 (60%); IURMs: 255 (40%)]. After adjustment, a higher IRM incidence was associated with a lower CD4 count [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) CD4 count < 200 cells/μL: 3.77; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.59, 5.51; compared with ≥ 500 cells/μL], independent of age, while a CD4 count < 200 cells/μL was associated with IURMs in people aged < 50 years only (aIRR: 2.51; 95% CI 1.40–4.54). Smoking was associated with IURMs (aIRR: 1.75; 95% CI 1.23, 2.49) compared with never smokers in people aged ≥ 50 years only, and not with IRMs. The incidences of both IURMs and IRMs increased with older age. It was projected that the incidence of IRMs would decrease by 29% over a 5-year period from 3.1 (95% CI 1.5–5.9) per 1000 person-years in 2011, whereas the IURM incidence would increase by 44% from 4.1 (95% CI 2.2–7.2) per 1000 person-years over the same period. Conclusions: Demographic and HIV-related risk factors for IURMs (aging and smoking) and IRMs (immunodeficiency and ongoing viral replication) differ markedly and the contribution from IURMs relative to IRMs will continue to increase as a result of aging of the HIV-infected population, high smoking and lung cancer prevalence and a low prevalence of untreated HIV infection. These findings suggest the need for targeted preventive measures and evaluation of the cost−benefit of screening for IURMs in HIV-infected populations.publishersversionPeer reviewe

СОПУТСТВУЮЩИЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ И ФАКТОРЫ РИСКА ИХ РАЗВИТИЯ У БОЛЬНЫХ ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИЕЙ СТАРШЕ 40 ЛЕТ

Objective: Evaluation of CVD and their risk factors in Russian 40+ HIV-infected patients is a key objective of the study. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1872 medical records of 40+ HIV-infected patients from 12 regions of Russia on HAART was performed, including assessment of CVD presence, their risk factors and 10-years CVD risk based on SCORE. All patients received ARV treatment; the average duration of admission was 5 years (1–2 years – 43%, 3–5 years – 29%, over 5 years – 28%). Results: High incidence of CVD was observed: hypertension – 48%, including cerebrovascular disease – 2%; CAD – 9%, including myocardial infarction – 6%. Analysis of cardiovascular risk factors showed that 19% were overweight, lipid metabolism disorders were detected in 30% of patients, diabetes in 5%. 51% of patients smoked, systematic intake of alcohol in 61% of patients. 69% of patients had a risk of fatal CVD within 10 years based on SCORE, 16% of patients had a high/very high risk. Analysis of metabolic parameters showed that 99,4% of patients needed lifestyle improvement measures, 85% needed lipid lowering medication. One third of patients were constantly taking cardiovascular medications. Conclusions: CVD and metabolic disorders are more common for 40+ HIV-infected patients than for general population. ART assessment in 40+ patients additionally to viral load and CD4 level, should include analysis of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. In elder patients ART regimen choice is particularly important, considering the risks of development and/or progression of CVD and risk of drugdrug interactions development.Цель: оценка сопутствующих заболеваний (ССЗ) и факторов риска их развития в российской популяции ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов старше 40 лет. Материалы и методы: выполнен ретроспективный анализ карт 1872 ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов старше 40 лет из 12 регионов России, включая оценку ССЗ, факторов риска их развития и 10-летний риск ССЗ по шкале SCORE. Все пациенты получали АРТ; средняя продолжительность терапии составила 5 лет (1–2 года – 43%, 3–5 лет – 29%, более 5 лет – 28%). Результаты: наблюдалась высокая частота ССЗ: артериальная гипертензия – 48%, включая нарушения мозгового кровообращения – 2%; ИБС – 9%, включая инфакрт миокарда – 6%. Анализ сердечно-сосудистых факторов риска показал ожирение у 19% пациентов, нарушения липидного обмена у 30% пациентов, сахарный диабет у 5%. Курение было отмечено у 51% пациентов, систематическое употребление алкоголя у 61%. 69% имели риск смертельного ССЗ в течение 10 лет по шкале SCORE, у 16% пациентов наблюдался высокий/очень высокий риск. Анализ нарушений метаболизма показал, что 99,4% пациентов нуждаются в различных мерах по изменению образа жизни, 85% нуждаются в гиполипидемической терапии. Одна треть пациентов постоянно получали сердечно-сосудистую терапию. Заключение: в группе больных ВИЧ-инфекцией старше 40 лет чаще выявляются заболевания сердечно-сосудистой системы, нарушение обмена веществ, по сравнению с общей популяцией. Анализ эффективности антиретровирусной терапии (АРТ) пациентов старше 40 лет дополнительно к вирусной нагрузке и уровню CD4 клеток должен включать анализ сердечно-сосудистых факторов риска и сопутствующих заболеваний. Для пациентов старшего возраста выбор режима АРТ особенно важен, учитывая риск развития и/или прогрессирования ССЗ и риск возникновения лекарственных взаимодействий

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

Non-AIDS defining cancers in the D:A:D Study-time trends and predictors of survival : a cohort study

BACKGROUND:Non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive individuals. Using data from a large international cohort of HIV-positive individuals, we described the incidence of NADC from 2004-2010, and described subsequent mortality and predictors of these.METHODS:Individuals were followed from 1st January 2004/enrolment in study, until the earliest of a new NADC, 1st February 2010, death or six months after the patient's last visit. Incidence rates were estimated for each year of follow-up, overall and stratified by gender, age and mode of HIV acquisition. Cumulative risk of mortality following NADC diagnosis was summarised using Kaplan-Meier methods, with follow-up for these analyses from the date of NADC diagnosis until the patient's death, 1st February 2010 or 6 months after the patient's last visit. Factors associated with mortality following NADC diagnosis were identified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.RESULTS:Over 176,775 person-years (PY), 880 (2.1%) patients developed a new NADC (incidence: 4.98/1000PY [95% confidence interval 4.65, 5.31]). Over a third of these patients (327, 37.2%) had died by 1st February 2010. Time trends for lung cancer, anal cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma were broadly consistent. Kaplan-Meier cumulative mortality estimates at 1, 3 and 5 years after NADC diagnosis were 28.2% [95% CI 25.1-31.2], 42.0% [38.2-45.8] and 47.3% [42.4-52.2], respectively. Significant predictors of poorer survival after diagnosis of NADC were lung cancer (compared to other cancer types), male gender, non-white ethnicity, and smoking status. Later year of diagnosis and higher CD4 count at NADC diagnosis were associated with improved survival. The incidence of NADC remained stable over the period 2004-2010 in this large observational cohort.CONCLUSIONS:The prognosis after diagnosis of NADC, in particular lung cancer and disseminated cancer, is poor but has improved somewhat over time. Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and low CD4 counts, were associated with mortality following a diagnosis of NADC

PROBLEMS OF DISABILITY AND TREATMENT ADHERENCE IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS

Introduction. This study focuses on the problem of early disability of patients with HIV-infection and treatment adherence and dispensary observation. Material and methods. The clinical and anamnestic analysis of 1136 out-patient records and medical records of patients registered at Saint-Petersburg State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare “Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases” and directed at medical and social examination was carried out. In addition, using the test methods we investigated the psychosocial characteristics of 76 patients who applied to the psychologist before the beginning of antiretroviral therapy, and assessed the treatment adherence a year after the start of treatment. Results. The results of the study indicated the increase in the proportion of patients at advanced stages of the disease, increased detection of HIV in older age groups. Late diagnosis of the disease is the cause of temporary disability and early disability of patients with HIV infection. The dynamics of the number of disabled persons due to HIV infection increasing. Men need more time to decide on dispensary care than women. The majority of patients with are men of working age, identified or sought medical care at the late stages of the disease. Women are more attentive to their health and have more complex treatment adherence than men. The interrelations of psychological and somatic characteristics with the level of adherence to medical recommendations were found

Social and organizational bases of prevention of HIV-infection

HIV incidence is growing and becoming a threat to national security. The age structure is dominated by a person younger than 30 years (70.8%). There is an increase rate of HIV infection detection among pregnant women and an increasing number of children born by HIV-infected mothers. If the issues of specific prevention (preventive vaccinations), do not create any problems, the remaining questions of medical prevention are still unsolved to this day

Experience of combination antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis c in HIV-infected patients in the Novgorod region

The paper presents an analysis of effectiveness of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients, factors affecting the achievement of sustained virologic response are revealed

Advanced renal disease, end-stage renal disease and renal death among HIV-positive individuals in Europe

On behalf of EuroSIDA in Euro COORDinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe